This option will build a template that can be used to further align images. The template to which we are referring can be seen in the below image (which is an example of LMRK_DISPLAY1.pgm). In this image the odd rows are referred to as "extracted templates" because they are derived from the spacecraft pictures, but have been modified (orthorectificed plus other alterations). The even rows are referred to as "predicted templates" because they are derived from the maplet. Many people (including this author) will refer to a "predicted template" as just simply the "template", and the "extracted template" as "images." The template is the digital representation of the topography that is illuminated under the same conditions as the image immediately above the template found in each row.

SPC uses a template for aligning images using Align landmarks, and also adds image data to the template prior to building topogography (the last term is also known as Find Heights). First you select images to work with. Frequently all are on (i.e. used) by default, but if you have a difficult image, you can toggle it off.

Example display:

Main Menu: Q 0123O IUCRSG NVAMBX DEPL FZH? 0
 >0                                                                               

EE0001
Lat =    -6.819
Lon =   264.131
Rad =     0.266

    k    chi    lambda   phi     res  

    1   0.975   1.162   0.000   0.250      
    2   0.962   1.138   0.000   0.250      
   ...
   13   0.975   1.100   0.000   0.239      
   14   0.000   1.348   0.000   0.239   

Example broken down:

EE0001 - Landmark name

Lat = -6.819 - Latitude

Lon = 264.131 - Longitude

Rad = 0.266 - Radius from center of figure

k - Image number

The predicted brightness for a pixel in a maplet is given by

• B = LAMBDA*ETA*ILLUM(COS(I),COS(E),PHASE)+PHI

where

• LAMBDA - constant that serves to relate the topography manifested by the slopes leading to variations in I and E to the brightness measured by the imaging data; ETA - relative albedo, normalized to 1 across the maplet; I - incidence angle; E - emission angle;

  PHI - constant background in the brightness such as was observed due to atmospheric scattering in Viking Orbiter images of Mars. This latter PHI term is usually ignored by setting the parameter CHI0 = 1 in INIT_LITHOS.TXT (if CHI < CHI0 then PHI = 0);

  CHI - Correlation statistic for initial observed brightness versus predicted brightness;

  CHI0 - default to 0.5, unless set in INIT_LITHOS.TXT.

res - The ratio of image resolution to maplet resolution (i.e. GSD). Larger numbers means the image has a lower resolution than the maplet. Typically, we don't use pictures much greater than 4.

Options

 Picture to toggle
 a use all
 b use registered
 c use correlated
 0 end/continue
 q Quit

a use all - Includes all of the images in calculation of the template (i.e. removes the * from all images)

b use registered - Typically not used. This option will put a "*" on any image that has not been added to a landmark. It assumes that such images have not yet been registered.

c use correlated - Prompts you to enter a number between 0-1. Compares the number you entered with the correlations from the last alignment performed. Excludes images below the entered value. This will be noted by put a "*" after the "res" column for each image that has been toggled off.

0 end/continue - Begins template iterations

• Enter number of iterations - Enter in the number of iterations to perform when building the template. Usually enter in 40, after which you will see a display like below. After the iterations are finished it will bring you back to the Main Menu.

 Enter number of iterations
40
 rms brightness residual =     9.30908314089276545E-003
 rms brightness residual =     9.27805039374508290E-003
...
 rms brightness residual =     8.68283596819066118E-003
 rms brightness residual =     8.67799102637487052E-003

 slope sigma =   5.30813855279686289E-002

  -0.03482   0.11297  -0.03439   0.00162  -0.04342   0.04161

 gc tmpl.pgm

q Quit - go back to the Main Menu

Hidden Option

# Image number - Instead of entering "a, b, c, etc." you can also just enter in the image number (ex. 2, then "Enter"). If you type an image number, it will toggle the "selected" flag (*)

#, # - Similar to above, but a range of images. It will toggle the "selected" flag (*) for all images within that range

Typical Use

You will often start off with some initial topography that you can align from (note: the pictures used here will not exactly match up with the text because they came from different landmarks).

Typically you start off by doing an alignment to make sure the images are correctly aligned. If they are not, you'll want to exclude them from the "Find template" calculation.

Display output from an auto-align:

 enter spacing
 1           
   1   P3T11M2H0217        0.009    -0.040     0.340 +    
   2   P3T11M2H0218       -0.004    -0.074     0.398 +    
   3   P3T11M2H0219       -0.074    -0.020     0.290 +    
   4   P3T11M2H0220       -0.002    -0.173     0.366 +    
   5   P3T11M2H0221        0.060     0.000     0.609 +++  
   6   P3T11M2H0222        0.036    -0.003     0.600 +++  
   7   P3T11M2H0223        0.029     0.005     0.489 ++   
   8   P3T11M2H0224        0.037     0.011     0.593 +++  
   9   P3T11M2H0225       -0.016     0.018     0.473 ++   
  10   P3T11M2H0226       -0.020     0.020     0.379 +    
  11   P3T11M2H0229       -0.003     0.010     0.658 +++  
  12   P3T11M2H0230       -0.013     0.008     0.678 +++  
  13   P3T11M2H0231       -0.001    -0.029     0.534 ++   
  14   P3T11M2H0232        0.000    -0.038     0.542 ++   
     0.031     0.049

• From the Main Menu, enter in 0, c, 0.5. This will toggle off all images that had a correlation below 0.5, then bring you back to the Main Menu. To see the result of toggling off those images, you'll have to go back into the "Find template" menu, so enter 0 again and you would see the following output.

    k    chi    lambda   phi     res  

    1   0.000   1.983   0.000   1.288      
    2   0.000   1.383   0.000   1.288      
    3   0.000   1.405   0.000   1.276      
    4   0.000   1.666   0.000   1.174      
    5   0.000   1.993   0.000   1.174      
    6   0.000   1.679   0.000   1.183      
    7   0.000   1.616   0.000   1.183      
    8   0.000   1.714   0.000   1.219     *
    9   0.000   1.452   0.000   1.219     *
   10   0.000   1.781   0.000   1.263     *
   11   0.000   1.394   0.000   1.263     *
   12   0.000   1.821   0.000   1.276     *
   13   0.000   1.732   0.000   1.237     *
   14   0.000   1.469   0.000   1.237     *

• Note that there were 7 images from the auto-align that had a correlation below 0.5, and now we see that 7 images have a * by them. Also note that LITHOS has moved the images with a correlation below 0.5 to the bottom of the list. In other words, the image value has changed.
• Typical iterations, using 0, 0, 40
• The text output would look similar to the example above from "0 end/continue"

Now LMRK_DISPLAY1.pgm looks like this. Notice that the image is not only brighter, but a bit sharper as well.

From LITHOS.f

This process solves for the slope and albedo distribution for a landmark template by minimizing the brightness residuals between the predicted and observed image data. It first uses the subroutine FIND_LAMBDA to determine an overall constant brightness scale (lambda) for each image as well as a possible background (phi). The background is set to zero if the correlation chi between initial obervation and prediction is less than some preset value (chi0) whose default value is 0.5. In practice, we usually dispense with phi altogether by setting CHI0=1 in INIT_LITHOS.TXT, so lambda is the only parameter that matters. Look at the abstract in FIND_LAMBDA_PIC for more details.

The process produces a table with entries:

• k chi lambda phi res pflag

where k is the number of the image as it appears in the landmark display and res is the ratio of the image resolution ot the landmark scale. The last column, pflag, is empty if the image data is to be used in the slope/albedo determination and * if it is not.